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<text id=91TT2576>
<title>
Nov. 18, 1991: From Killing Fields to Mean Streets
</title>
<history>
TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1991
Nov. 18, 1991 California:The Endangered Dream
</history>
<article>
<source>Time Magazine</source>
<hdr>
CRIME, Page 103
CALIFORNIA
From Killing Fields To Mean Streets
</hdr><body>
<p>The street-gang virus is now infecting Cambodian refugees
</p>
<p>By James Willwerth
</p>
<p> The middle-aged man had fled Cambodia to save his family
from the genocidal Khmer Rouge. Now, as he stalked furiously
back and forth across the grimy patio behind a cramped bungalow
in the Little Phnom Penh section of Long Beach, he saw a very
different threat materializing--within his own family. His
14-year-old son, gang-named Flipper, and another homeboy, Slicc,
18, were bragging to a stranger about a shoot-out.
</p>
<p> "I'm on the corner phone with my girlfriend," Slicc
recounted. "The Mexican drives up and yells, `What set you
from?' I yell it ain't none of his business, and he busts three
caps [shoots three bullets] at me. I take out my gun and bust
four back..." At that point, the father began to wave his
arms and shout. Friends of Slicc's and Flipper's pushed the man
firmly back inside his house. "Parents don't understand,"
shrugged Flipper.
</p>
<p> In the bizarre and bloody world of Southern California
gang life, armed and alienated children are guerrilla warriors.
Cambodian gangs battling Hispanic gangs is but the newest
infection. Ira Reiner, district attorney for Los Angeles County
(pop. 8,776,000), estimates that 130,000 gang members operate
in his jurisdiction alone. They range from subteen "peewees" to
as many as 13,000 hard-core killers. Last year in the county the
gangs accounted for 18,059 violent felonies and 690 deaths.
Nearly every ethnic group is represented in the mayhem: the
highly publicized black Bloods and Crips; multigenerational
Hispanic groups that account for nearly two-thirds of all
California gangs; whites; Asians; Pacific Islanders; and Jewish
and Armenian groups.
</p>
<p> The kid who traded shots with Slicc was a member of the
East Side Longos, a large Mexican-American gang rooted in the
Hispanic community that settled along Anaheim Street in Long
Beach (pop. 429,000) after World War II. Three decades later,
Cambodian immigrants seeking affordable homes arrived. "At
school the Mexicans looked down upon us and hurt us," recalls
Mad Dog, 29, a "retired" homeboy whose mother was a Phnom Penh
university professor. "We saw that American people had groups,
white with white, black with black. We decided to become more
famous. If they could steal cars and do drive-by shootings, so
could we."
</p>
<p> In Southern California that was a logical step for the
young Cambodians to take. "You land in a gang neighborhood, it
might seem natural to form a militia to defend yourself,"
explains Steve Valdivia, director of Los Angeles County's
Community Youth Gang Services Project. Nearly all the state's
street gangs started out copying Hispanic "cholo" (lowlife)
styles. Scholars trace Hispanic gangs back to the 1920s, when
Roman Catholic parishes organized social clubs for children who
felt unwelcome at white high school dances. Despite drive-by
shootings and drug trafficking, the gangs were tolerated as a
"community" issue for half a century. Explains former teen
gangster Ysmael Pereira, 48, who is now a gang counselor: "The
code was always to keep it quiet."
</p>
<p> Harassed by the East Side Longos, the Cambodians organized
gangs with names like Tiny Rascals and Asian Boyz. They helped
swell Long Beach's gang membership to more than 10,000. Mad Dog
and the others imitated their enemies. They "kicked back" on
street corners and marked their turf with graffiti. Between turf
shoot-outs, they also began to extort "protection" money from
local businessmen. Fearing reprisals, the merchants have rarely
complained. Gang detective Norman Sorenson remembers contacting
dozens of Cambodian merchants after police found a detailed list
of extortion victims in the car of a Tiny Rascals leader. "They
all denied it," says Sorenson. Cambodian gangsters killed their
first East Side Longo in a retaliatory drive-by in October 1989.
Gang-related deaths last year: 46.
</p>
<p> Many Cambodian gang members became hardened to violence
during their escape from the killing fields of Southeast Asia.
"I remember walking and walking," recalls Little Devil, 16,
describing his family's trek out of Cambodia when he was five.
"If we didn't keep up, we'd be lost." Perhaps because of their
past globe trotting, Cambodian gang members can be astonishingly
mobile. When Long Beach cops saturated the "Anaheim corridor"
this summer after a burst of shoot-outs, the Cambodian gangs
vanished. "They took off for Stockton and Modesto--maybe
farther," says Mike Nen, an ethnic-Cambodian cop. Adds gang
detective Sorenson: "The Hispanics sit on the corner and stare
at you. The Asians might fly to Chicago."
</p>
<p> Some observers think the East Side Longos would be wise to
get airplane tickets too. "The Cambodians know what real war
is," says Nen's partner, Patrolman Dan Brooks. "The Hispanics
have a street mentality. They shoot on impulse and go home
thinking they're safe. But the Cambodians know better." When
combat looms, for example, Cambodian gang members sometimes call
in reinforcements from hundreds of miles away. Little Devil is
an Oriental Lazy Boy from downtown Los Angeles who rode into
Long Beach recently with Lazy Boys from Tacoma to help battle
the Longos. They left when one of the visiting Lazy Boys was
wounded.
</p>
<p> "The real issue is family breakdown," says Benton Samana,
a Buddhist monk. "Don't believe that snow job about the kids
joining gangs to protect themselves." In Southeast Asia, parents
take wayward children to monks for counseling. In providing
that service here, Samana constantly encounters war-related
emotional problems, such as withdrawn or hysterical parents
suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder. "Their children
think they are wacky," he explains. "They don't want to be
around them."
</p>
<p> State and local officials have been unable to come up with
any comprehensive solution to the gang problem. Meanwhile,
demography is making radical changes in Southern California's
gang life. South Central Los Angeles, where the Bloods and Crips
began, now has more immigrant Latino youths than African-American
kids. Poor black families have moved out, sometimes to the South,
to keep their children out of gangs. "In five years," says
educator David Flores, a gang expert who runs special school
programs, "the Crips and Bloods will cease to be a serious
problem there." Perhaps. But Sergeant Wes McBride, a gang expert
with the sheriff's department, predicts that "Hispanic Bloods and
Crips" may soon fill the vacuum left by the departing black gang
members. On Southern California's mean streets, faces change, but
the conditions that breed gangs have not.
</p>
</body></article>
</text>